Lacquer



Patented June. 27, 1944 siren meeting FFlCE 1 No Drawing. Application December 22, 1941, Serial No. 424,008

'14 Claims. (Cl. 106-173) This invention relates to lacquers, i. e., coating tioned just below. For brevity and convenience,

compositions in which the film-forming solids the expression R-T mixture is employed herein form the lacquer film primarily in consequence to designate that ingredient. of evaporation of volatiles present, rather than While the invention is applicable to many by chemical changes in the film-forming intypes of lacquers, the invention is herein illusgredients. trated as applied to nitrocellulose lacquers.

The principal film-forming. ingredient or film- When employing the R-T mixture in accordforming material of such a lacquer is customarily ance with this invention, the quantity of other termed the lacquer base. The bases are of varplasticizers normally employed may be greatly ious types, as follows: reduced. For example, in nitrocellulose base lacquers for metal or Wood furniture, from about to 70% of plasticizers (based on nitrocellulose content) is commonly used; whereas, when emfit ggs ggfigii ploying the R-T mixture in such lacquers, the

2 Mixed celluloseesters e g 5 content .of usual plasticizers may be greatly re- (a) Cellulose aceto h g, C ducd, for instance to about 10% to 20%. Simi- (b) Cellulose aceto propionate-Hercose A. Cellulose derivatives, such asl. Cellulose esters, e. g.

AP cellulose lacquers for leather, rubber or textile goods, or in artificial leather dopes, the plasti- 3 22235 gfgis 20 cizer content may be cut down considerably.

The foregoing represents a very considerable because of the fact that the R-T B. Rubberchlorine compositions, such asp q Chlorinated rubber mixture 1s very much less expensive than the 2. Rubber monochloride (Pliolite and "Pliocusmmary'plasticizers' (b) Benzyl cellulose Since the R-T mixture not only has plasticizing properties but, in addition, has appreciable filmforming qualities, and further since I have found that the R-T mixture is compatible with lacquer bases in very high percentages, the R-T mixture C. Vinyl compounds, such as- 1. Vinyl chloride 2. Vinyl acetate. 3. Co-polymer of vinyl chloride and acetate may be relied upon to a considerable extent for D. Methacrylates film formation. By way of example, in nitrocel- In addition to the lacquer base, lacquers cuslulose lacquers, the content of the R-I' mixture tomarily include one or more plasticizers, and may even be as high as 200% to 400% of the frequently aim a resin. In some cases, the resin nitrocellulose content, or even up to about 500% is of a type (for instance, alkyd resins) impartfor special purposes. ing both resinous and plasticizing characteristics This effects a further economic gain because of to the lacquer, in which case other plasticizers the relative cost. of the lacquer base and of the may be omitted. Ila-T mixture.

The foregoing ingredients (the lacquer base, A'still further advantage lies in the fact that plasticizer and resin) normally constitute the vewhen employing the R-T mixture I have found hicle-solids, which solids, of course, are carried that the nitrocellulose or other lacquer base maby a volatile solvent mixture imparting the deterials may be of much higher viscosity than has sired shipping and application (brushingor spraybeen practicable to employ heretofore in most ing, etc.) consistency and characteristics. known types of lacquers. The reasons for this The present invention is concerned with lacare explained hereinafter, but it is first pointed quers of the foregoing general class whether or out that nitrocellulose is commercially available not such lacquers additionally contain pigments. in wetted form (containingapproximately 70% Briefly stated, the invention contemplates emsolids and the balance an alcohol such as ethyl ployment of a rosin-terpene hydrocarbon mixture alcohol), the nitrocellulose varying in viscosity in such lacquers, primarily in the position of a from about 18-25 C. 1?. S. type or A; see. type to plasticizer, although said rosin-terpene hydroabout 1300 see. type (Hercules method of gradcarbon mixture, especially when incorporated in ing).

the higher percentages herein contemplated, ad- In considering the following, it should be kept ditionally serves to supplement the film-forming in mind that in nitrocellulose lacquers, the film characteristics of the lacquer base, as will furcharacteristics are regulated by .the relationship ther ppear. of plasticizers and resins to nitrocellulose con; What I mean by the term "rosin-terpene hydrotent. Thus, for a nitrocellulose lacquer of given carbon mixture will be set out more fully herefilm characteristics, the relationship of plastiinafter, but it is first pointed out that the emcizer and resin tonitrocellulose should be subployment of the rosin-terpene hydrocarbon mixstantially the same regardless of the viscosity of ture has a number of important advantages menthe nitrocellulose employed.

larly, when employing the R-T mixture in nitrotration of nitrocellulose (an expensive ingredient) remains relatively high. Moreover, because of the low dilution, when employing low viscosity nitrocellulose, the content of plasticizer and resin is also high per gallon of finished lacquer.

' On the other hand, where nitrocellulose of relatively high viscosity is used, greater dilution with solvents is required in order to cut the lacquer to appropriate shipping consistency. This increase in cutting results in decrease in the filmforming solids of the lacquer, so that the films are thin and unsatisfactory, or require application of several coats to achieve coverage equivalent to that obtainable where low viscosity nitrocellulose is used.

Attempts to overcome this problem (when using high viscosity nitrocellulose) by increasing plasticizer or resin, or both, have not been practical, since increase of plasticizer produces a spongy or cheesy film, whereas increase in the quantity of resin produces brittleness. When both are increased in relation to the nitrocellulose content, the resultant; films are also unsatisfactory and commonly manifest the undesired cheesy and brittle characteristics.

In contrast to the foregoing, when employing the R-T mixture herein contemplated, it has been found that the normal balance .of ingredients need not be adhered to,,so that the content of the R-T mixture may be greatly increased with relation to other ingredients. In consequence of this, the finished lacquer contains a lower quantity of nitrocellulose, and a high proportion of the R-T mixture, whether or not other plasticizers and resins are used. Moreover, the films are not cheesy or brittle, notwithstanding dep'arture from the usual balance of ingredients. The R-T mixture contributes solids for film formation and, in addition, does not require excessive dilution with solvents to secure the desired shipping consistency.

With reference to the characteristics of the lacquer produced in accordance with this invention, it may be mentioned that a typical nitrocellulose lacquer, when properly formulated, has good elasticity, gloss and drying characteristics.

It is of especial advantage that the R-T mixture imparts high adhesion properties to lacquers, e. g. for use in rubber finishing.

The R-T mixture has a still further advantage when the'lacquer also contains'a pigment. In this event, the R-T mixture is desirably ground with the pigment prior to combining the pigment with the lacquer base. The R-T mixture having good wetting power (appreciably better than castor oilwhich is frequently used in lacquers), facilitates grinding and serves to improve pigment dispersion in the lacquer being made.

The physical characteristics of the lacquer may, of course, be varied by control of the content of several ingredients, as will be brought out more fully hereinafter.

With the foregoing. general considerations in mind, it is now pointed out that in accordance with the preferred practice of the invention, the

,R-T mixture is prepared preliminarily and thereafter introduced as such into the lacquer mix.

Several methods for initially providing the Ri-T mixture are briefly described hereinafter, but it is first noted that both the rosin and terpene components are preferably derived from natural rosins, such as gum and wood rosins.

Four examples for producing the R-T mixture are as follows:

R-T Exnmrm A 300 parts of rosin and 15 parts byweight of p-toluene sulpho chloride are heated under a vacuum of about 25 to 27 of mercury, without stirring, to a temperature of about 290 to 300 C., this temperature being maintained for about 4 hours.

The product obtained from this example is of consistency approximating that of heavy oil and has an acid value of about 40 to 60.

R-T EXAM LE B 300 parts of rosin are heated with 20 to 30 parts by weight of zinc carbonate under a vacuum of about 25 to 30" of mercury, for about 10 to 12 hours, at about 270 to 280 C.

The product obtained from this example is of consistency approximating that of a plastic resin with cold fiow and has an acid value of about 60 to 80.

R-T EXAMPLE C terpene hydrocarbons in varying proportions, de-

pending upon the nature and extent of treatment. This may be measured by the acid value of the material. Thus, with a typical rosin having an initial acid value of 160, the treatment is preferably carried out to reduce the acid value to a point lying between about 5 and 120. This range gives amixture varying from about '75% to 3% rosin and from about 25% to 97% terpene hydrocarbons.

For many purposes I have found that a desirable acid value range is from 20 to'80. The lower limit of this range (20) corresponds to a 1 to 7 ratio between rosin and terpene hydrocarbons. On the other hand, the upper limit corresponds to a 1 to 1 ratio between 'rosinand terpene hydrocarbons.

The treatment described above not only effects partial decarboxylation but, in addition, other changes are brought about, apparently because of colloidal transformations in the rosin (which I believe to be an isocolloid), in consequence of which the rosin is softened or liquefied.

The treatment to produce the R-T mixture may be varied in a number of respects, as disclosed, for example, in my copending applications Serial No. 386,371, filed April 1, 1941 (Patent 2,311,200, February 16, 1943), and Serial No. 318,650, filed February 12, 1940 (Patent 2,298,270, October 13, 1942), of which the present application is a continuation-in-part, and also disclosed in my prior applications Serial Nos. 446,171, filed April 21, 1930 (Patent 1,980,367, November 13, 1934) 359,425, filed April 30, 1929 (Patent 2,213,- 944, September 10, 1940); and 143,786, filed October 23, 1926 (Patent 2,189,772, February 13 1940); all of which prior applications disclose certain subject matter in common with the present application.

Although the R-T mixture produced in accordance with any one of Examples A to D above is suitable for substitution in lacquer in the position of a plasticizer, it may be mentioned that the plasticizing effect of the product produced in accordance with Examples A, C and D is appreciably greater than that of the product produced in accordance with Example B.

Moreover, the product of Example B ordinarily could not be employed in quantities as great as the products of Examples A, C and D, since the former is harder and may, in'high percentages, impart brittleness to the lacquer. By way of example, if the product of Example B is used in a nitrocellulose lacquer, the quantity ordinarily should not be above about 200% of the nitrocellulose content (unless special adjustment of the other ingredients is resorted to). However, the products of Examples A, C and D may be used in a nitrocellulosedacquer up to about 300% of the nitrocellulose content. lacquers, even more than 300% may be suitable.

It should also be noted'that other modifying agents may be employed such, for example, as zinc chloride and agents disclosed in various of my earlier applicationsfor instance magnesium sulphate and ammonium iodide as mentioned in Patent No. 2,311,200. The quantity of modifying agent employed should be from an appreciable trace (fractional percentage) up to about 30% of the rosin, preferably from a trace to about The foregoing discussion of my preferred method for producing the rosin-terpene hydrocarbon mixture clarifies what I mean by that expression. In further explanation of this use of the terms rosin" and terpene hydrocarbons, it may be stated that by rosin I mean commercial gum rosin and/or wood rosin products, containing mixtures of rosin acids, known today as abietic acid, pyroabietic acid and d-pimaric acid, amongst others. By terpene hydrocarbons I mean terpene radicals of rosin acids, such as abietene, or high molecular residues of such terpene radicals of rosin acids. By the term residue, used just above, I mean either the terpene molecule secured by a secondary splitting off of radicals (secondary to the primary decarboxylation), for instance, methyl groups, etc.; or the terpene molecule after changes in unsaturation (hydrogen content) of the original molecule; such products being obtained from rosin acids in the course of the treatment used to prepare the rosin-terpene hydrocarbon mixture.

It may be mentioned that typical rosins contain about 90% abietic acid.

Although my preferred method for producing the mixture also brings about other changes in the rosin under treatment, the R-T mixture" In case of specialty consists essentially or in major part of abietic acid and abietene in the ratios hereinbefore referred to. A similar mixture of the same essential or basic composition may be secured in other ways. Thus, the heavier fractions of rosin distillation (rosin oil-consisting essentially of terpene hydrocaricons as above defined) may be remixed with rosin in about the proportions hereinloefore indicated.

As is known, rosin oil may be produced in a variety of ways, for instance, by distillation in a still at progressively increased temperatures, rosin spirits coming over at about 160 0., and then the heavier products of rosin oils, at temperatures ranging from about 200 C. to about 270 C. The heavier fractions are best suited to the present purposes.

In accordance with another method for producing rosin oil, rosin is heated at from C. to 325 C. (preferably at about 300 C), with 2% of a siliceous earth or of activated carbon.

Rosin oil produced in accordance with the foregoing or other known methods may be remixed with rosin in the desired. proportions, in order to produce the R-T mixture herein contemplated.

Although I prefer to preliminarily prepare the R-T mixture and then add said mixture as such to the lacquer mix, it is to be understood that the two components of the mixture may be added to the lacquer mix individually under some circumstances.

Moreover, as hereinbefore indicated, in preliminarily preparing the R-T mixture, I prefer to employ rosin modifying processes of the type indic'ated-under Examples A to D inclusive above.

Preparation of the R-T mixture by heating rosin in the presence of modifying agents results in less decomposition of the terpenemolecule than occurs where rosin oil is produced by distillation. In consequence, distillation produces a low molecular product, which has a higher evaporation rate than the high molecular product obtained by heating rosin in the presence of modifying agents as described above. While the general range of evaporation rates of both types of products is relatively low, still there is a considerable difference between the rates of evaporation of the products produced by my preferred method and the products produced with distilled rosin oil. The lower evaporation rate of the R-T mixture produced with modifying agents is suflicient to manifest definite advantage in aging qualities of the resultant lacquer films.

Another advantage in preliminarily preparing the R-T mixture by heating rosin in the presence of modifying agents is that the product may be produced with greater uniformity from batch to .batch, than is possible where rosin distillation products are recombined with resin to produce the mixture. Although the heavier fractions of distillation are best suited to the purposes of this invention, it is impractical, or at least very dimcult, to completely isolate the heavier fractions from the lighter fractions.

It may also be mentioned that the color of the R-T mixtures produced with modifying agents may be made very light, in comparison with the color of rosin oils, which is usually very dark.

'The lighter color is very important in lacquers.

LACQUER ExAMPLEs In preparing these examples, it is mentioned that commercial 5-6 sec. nitrocellulose was used (containing about 70% ,solidsgbalance ethyl'alcohol). A master nitrocellulose solution was prepared in the following proportions:

. Pounds Commercial -6 sec. nitrocellulose (70% solids) 100 Toluol 140 Butyl acetate 140 In each of the following examples, the reference to cellulose solution indicates the master solution referred to just above. 1 All parts are by weight.

Example 1 Pounds Cellulose solution 1 38 Butyl alcohol 6 Ethyl alnn'hnl 24 Lactol spirits (light fraction of petroleum Union solvent No. 8 (petroleum type lacquer solvent with high aromatic content) 24 Di-butyl phthalate 1 R-T mixture 32 /2 Example 3 Cellulose solution 38- Butyl acetate 6 Butyl alcohol 6 Ethyl acetate 3 Lactol spirits (see Example 1) 28 Di-butyl phthalate 1 R-T mixture 22 Example 4 Cellulose solution- 38 Arnyl propionate 5 Butyl alcnhnl 6 Ethyl alcohol 24 Lactol spirits (see Example 1) 42' Di-butyl phthalate 1 R-T mixture 22 Example 5 Cellulose solution 38 Amyl propionate- 5 Butyl alenhnl 6 Ethyl alcohol. 24

Lactol spirits (see Example 1) 42 The above lacquers may be used for various purposes including wood finishing.

Certain general considerations should be kept in mind in connection with the lacquer co position according to this invention.

' Flrst, it should be understood that the quantity and the particular characteristics of the R-T mixture employed (such as acid value, viscoslty, drying characteristics, melting point, etc.) should be selected in accordance with the partlcular use for which the lacquer is intended. Desirably, the R-T mixtureis used in amounts upwards of 50% of the lacquer base.

For example, while use of the R-T mixture is highly effective in lacquers for rubber goods (because of the high adhesion properties attained), it may be mentioned that the quantity of the R-T mixture present in lacquers for rubber goods should preferably not exceed about of the nitrocellulose content. A nitrocellulose lacquer containing up to about 100% of the R-T mixture-say from 50% to 100%-is highly effective in finishing rubber footwear, rubber-proofed textiles, rubber belting and rubber balls. It should be understood that for special purposes, more or less than this range may be useful.

With respect to lacquers for rubber goods, it is mentioned that by proper formulation, the lacquer of the present invention may be adapted for application either before or after vulcanization of such rubber goods.

Maintenance of high gloss is frequently important in lacquers and on this subject it is first pointed out that loss of gloss may sometimes occur in small, microscopic and evenly distributed spots impairing the continuity of the film surface, with the result that the entire surface becomes dull, and may sometimes occur in splotches, in which event the eifect is referred to as gum blush.

I have found, however, that in nitrocellulose lacquers, neither type of impairment of gloss will ordinarily occur where the content of R-T mixture does not exceed about 100% of the nitrocellulose content. Where, for any reason, it is desirable to employ the R-T mixture in quantities greater than equality with the nitrocellulose, maintenance of high gloss maybe'ensured by adopting one or more of the following expedients:

Examples of such solvents are:

Cellosolve Amyl propionate Dioxane Octyl alcohol Octyl acetate (b) Other glossy resins may be incorporated. (c) The aromatic content of the diluent portion of the solvent mixture may be increased.

It may be mentioned that good mutual solvents of medium evaporation range include- Butyl alcohol Ethyl acetate Butyl acetate Amyl acetate Butyl propionate Amyl propionate I have found that, when higher gloss is re- 'quired, the aromatic types of diluents are more suitable for lacquers incorporating the R-T mixture than are the petroleum type.

If, for various purposes, such as increasing weather resistance, it is desired to reduce the acid value of any particular R-T mixture employed, that mixture may be esterified, at least to a limited extent. Thus, if the R-T mixture of Example B is used (having an acid value of about 60 to 80), it may for some purposes be desirable to esterify.

Since the R-T mixture has drying properties. small (usually fractional) percentages of driers, for instance cobalt, manganese and lead drier-s, should be added. The addition of driers may in general be made in accordance with known practice, the quantity of drier being proportional to the quantity of R-T mixture employed, and the calculation for drier content made on the as sumption that the entire content of the R-T mixture is a drying oil. For example, 3% lead, 03% cobalt and .02% manganese (each percentage indicating metal content, based on the weight of the R-Tmixture) is a satisfactory drier combination.

Although the R-T mixture may advantageously be used in some nitrocellulose lacquers (for instance, for rubber finishing) in amounts lower than 100% of the nitrocellulose content, the economic advantage is particularly favorable when using the R-T mixture in quantities ranging upward from equality with the cellulose content. In these latter ranges, substantial economic gain results from the displacement of plasticizer permitted thereby and from the fact that appreciable film formation is secured from the R-T mixture. At least certain R-T mixture still further imparts resinous characteristics to the lacquer, so that for certain purposes where other resins have heretofore been used, such other resins may be dispensed with.

When using the 8-! mixture in amounts from about 100% to 300% of the nitrocellulose content in a lacquer, the quantity of plasticizer may be reduced to a point lying between about and about 30%, preferably between about 10% and about of the nitrocellulose content; For plasticizers, those commonly used in the lacquer industry may be adopted, di-butyl phthalate, re-

ferred to in the foregoing examples, being typi-.

cal. Other known plasticizers may also be used, such as triacetin, amyl tartarate, dl-ethyl phthalate, di-butyl tartarate, aromatic esters, tricresyl phosphate, etc., and also castor oil, in connection with which latter it may be mentioned that the castor oil may desirably be modified by means of modifying agents which are soluble in the solvent mixture of the lacquer, as is disclosed in my copending application Serial No. 305,409, tiled November 20,1939 (Patent 2,293,038, August 18, 1942), and also in Patent No. 2,180,342, issued November 21, 1939.

I claim: a i

1. A lacquer of the nitrocellulose type. in which the film-forming vehicle-solids consist essentially of nitrocellulose, a plasticizer, and substantially non-volatile rosin ingredients comprising treated rosin material prepared by heating rosin in the presence of a decarboxylation promoting agent at a decarboxylating temperature, the rosin in redients further being characterized by the presence of both rosin acids and rosin hydrocarbons and having an acid value between about 5 and the content of the plasticizer'being less than the content of said rosin ingredients.

2. A composition in accordancewith claim 1 in which the rosin material is prepared by decarhoxylating rosin at a temperature between about 270 C. to 300 C.

3. A composition in accordance with claim 1 in which the combined quantity of rosin acids and rosin hydrocarbons is not more than 200% of the nitrocellulose content and in which the quantity oi plasticizer is from about 10% to about 20% of v the nitrocellulose content.

4.1% composition in accordance with claim 1 in which the nitrocellulose is of viscosity higher than 5 sec.

5. A lacquer of the nitrocellulose type, in which the film-forming vehicle-solids consist essentially oi nitrocellulose, a plasticizer, and substantially which the combined content of rosin acids and rosin hydrocarbons isfrom 100% to 500% of the nitrocellulose content.

7. A composition in accordance with claim 5 and further incorporating a. solvent mixture containing from about 1% to about 10% of a solvent selected from the class consisting of Cellosolve, amyl propionate, Dioxane, octyl alcohol and octyl acetate. I

8. A composition in accordance with claim 5 and further incorporating a solvent mixture containing from about 1% to about 10% of high boiling point solvents which are solvents for both the nitrocellulose and for the rosin acids and rosin hydrocarbons.

9. A lacquer in which the film-forming vehiclesolids consist essentially of substantially nonvolatile rosin ingredients and of a lacquer base ingredient of the type which dries primarily by virtue of evaporation of solvents, said rosin ingredients comprising treated rosin material prepared by heating rosin in the presence of a decarboxylation promoting agent at a. decarboxylating temperature, the rosin ingredients further being characterized by the presence of both rosin acids and rosin hydrocarbons, and the combined content of rosin acids and rosin hydrocarbons comprising at least 50% of the lacquer solids.

10. A composition in accordance with claim 9 and further incorporating a drier. the content of which is proportional to the combined content or rosin acids and rosin hydrocarbons.

11. A composition in accordance with claim 9 in which the lacquer base ingredientcomprises a rubber chlorine composition.

12. A composition in accordance with claim 9 in which the lacquer base ingredient comprises chlorinated rubber.

13. A composition in accordance with claim 0 in which the lacquer base ingredient comprises ethyl cellulose.

14. A composition in accordance with claim 0 and further incorporating a resin for imparting loss.

- mszno sum. 

